A relatively recent phenomenon affecting rice plant growth is the golden apple snail (Pomacea sp. Thank you for visiting nature.com. The standard deviation (SD) was then used to compare the variation in seedling density from the mean across all replicate plots. Growing lowland rice: a production . developedthe research concept, methodology, analysed data, and wrote the paper; A.M. Stuart developedthe research concept, methodology, and wrote the paper; N.T.M.P., P.T.M.H., N.N.P.T. Mariel J, Carrire SM, Penot E, Danthu P, Rafidison V, Labeyrie V. Exploring farmers agrobiodiversity management practices and knowledge in clove agroforests of Madagascar. One Penan farmer described plots in his wet rice field as "mulah mapeu", referring to dry plots with dead rice plants, and led to these plots being abandoned. Rainfed dry rice fields are cultivated using a shifting cultivation technique, while wet rice fields remain in their location and are situated in naturally swampy areas or are flooded by a water source, such as by irrigation or rainwater. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are not used, so runoff and other ecosystem impacts are eliminated. Energy efficiency, GHGEs and net profit are commonly used as environmental and economic indicators of crop production13,48. Energy balance analysis was based on the Cumulative Energy Demand 1.09 method by SIMAPRO (2019)41 and CO2-equivalent analysis was based on the GWP-100a of IPCC (2013)46. https://doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v13.4.p1914-1934. 4, 24092413 (2013). Some of the land and labour that would have been available for rice farming has instead been diverted to logging, plantation, cash crop planting and tourist operations [9, 30, 36]. Adaptation to climate change: Does traditional ecological knowledge hold the key? Water level (above- or under-ground) during the SA and WS cropping seasons. 1 The largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities in the United States is from burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation. The capability of a farmer to carry out difficult work in the rice field was often linked to the farmers age and health. Worldwide production of grain in 2020/2021. Chua WP. (2017)53 because of the additional emissions from rice straw incorporation. In China, rice production is facing unprecedented challenges, including the increasing demand, looming water crisis and on-going climate change. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. J Ethnobiol. Dont let it [the land] be like this, they come slashing and they take your land for plant paddy [rice] or everything. The causes were linked to the farmers lack of income or lack of support from the government or non-governmental organisations (NGO). Agroecol Sustain Food Sys. Rice varieties used were Dai-Thom-8 and OM5451 for the WS and SA seasons, respectively. The first author received a study grant under the Austrian Student Support Act. This rate is bound to further rise as a result of an increase in the demand for food by . https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n020208. 2), in Sarawak, Malaysia, which is a landscape that has a multi-ethnic population. We have the knowledge that it can be done, she said, and her team is working on approaches to mechanization that include experimenting with machinery used in vegetable cultivation. Abstract Effective management of land, water, and fertilizer resources for rice production is critical for efficient and sustainable agriculture but is challenging due to the uncertainties associated the resources. Furthermore, the interviews elicited the perceived problems in the rice field agroecosystem and their relations to landscape elements and microzones. At the terek [dry rice field], sometimes they apply the spray [] at the place there is ureu [grass], but at the taka [wet rice field], they spray the bunds (DR, Male, Penan, 50, VI). Actually, this is not our land. Hosen et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086. However, one sociocultural landscape element and natural ecosystem were related to taboos by two farmers in Long Banga: ancient graves and salt springs where rice fields should not be established. PubMed Philippines Ecol Soc. If a long, long time didnt come and check it, they take it long, long time; three, four, five years, then all is gone. The estimates of total input energy of rice production in the current study are similar to those reported for irrigated rice production in Southeast Asian36,45,52. One example was given by a farmer who had to lower the water level to eradicate the golden apple snail in one of his wet rice field plots, which affected rice plant growth. The use of different knowledge systems can be found also for other indigenous or local groups, which leads to hybridising indigenous and scientific knowledge [21]. ISPRS Int. 41 Citations 96 Altmetric Metrics Abstract Agricultural production is strongly affected by and a major contributor to climate change. Future ethnoecological landscape research should place a greater emphasis on the challenges in landscapes faced by indigenous people by incorporating multiple scales and dimensions in studies. The conversion factors reported in Ecoinvent (2019)34 were used to estimate the energy of the related materials and processes (Table 3). The environmental impact of agriculture involves impacts on a variety of different factors: the soil, water, the air, animal and soil variety, people, plants, and the food itself. Farmers in Ghanas Ashanti area regard soil colour, crop yield, water-holding capacity, foliar colour and weed occurrence as important indicators of soil fertility [84]. In contrast, soft soil promoted rice plant growth and healthy green rice plants. In this sense, the major points described here are general environmental aspects, the mechanisms of production of greenhouse gases, bioremediation, mitigation using other techniques and possible improvements of the cultivation by fertilizers and chemicals. Grain yield was determined by the crop-cut method from each experimental plot. The first author frequently observed that rice fields were not being weeded, indicated by the microzone of weed occurrence. Indic. As a result, these farmers could not use pesticides and had to continue to weed by hand. 2012;179180:96103. Valleys were thought to have better soil and to be cooler since they were closer to the river than hills, where stony soil can be found. J Crop Improv. Geoderma 235236, 355362. In rainfed dry rice fields, the problem was mostly an environmental issue related to rain conditions. Our study demonstrated that indigenous farmers in the research area had important information about the problems and spatial relations associated with RAEs. 2012;22:38. AgriEngineering 2020(2), 489510. If the water level is too high, rice plants will be susceptible to lodging and, especially in the early growing stage, will drown. Poor accessibility to the rice field was related to a very long walk from the village and the condition of the path infrastructure. And thats why we go to Miri to working. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-022-00511-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-022-00511-1. The SRP's stated aim is to transform the global rice sector by: improving smallholder livelihoods. Soc Nat Resour. Some Penan farmers indicated that they wanted to have irrigation pipes, but these were hard to access and they had insufficient funds. In Long Lamai, the Eastern Penan have started to settle and farm in the 1950s [59, 60]. Precisely, women's participation . Pimentel, D. & Pimentel, M. Food, energy and society 3rd edn. Water management was considered as single- and multiple-drainage scenarios during the WS and SA, respectively (Fig. J Study Relig Nat Cult. Soriente A. (WR, Female, Saban, 24). Anthropological and archaeological approaches to foraging-farming transitions in Southeast Asia. Figure4 shows the energy input, GHGEs and production costs for rice production among the different crop establishment options applied with 1M5R. Farmers mainly used the properties of soil colour, texture and hardness to describe soil quality. Particularly for farmers in poor health, a nearby rice field was indicated as preferable. Rice-based production activities provide employment for several . . Asia Commodity Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.02.003. Similarly, walking along a clearing of vegetation around the field spreads human scents that should keep animals away. We contend that mechanized transplanting would reduce or avoid herbicide application through enabling better vigor of rice seedlings after the field had been mechanically cultivated to manage weeds. Bol Mus Para Emlio Goeldi Cienc Hum. One farmer did not cultivate his wet rice field owing to its remote location and planted a dry rice field instead that was close to a dirt road and easily accessible by vehicle or motorbike. (DR, Male, Penan, 60). https://ghgprotocol.org/Third-Party-Databases/IPCC-Emissions-Factor-Database (2013). Because they dont know if taka [wet rice field] will live good or the terek [dry rice field] is much better (WR, Female, Penan, 27, VI). Crop establishment and nutrient management for dry season (Boro) rice in coastal areas. Environ. The information about the participant who provided the quotation states whether it was from a dry rice (DR) or wet rice (WR) field interview, and the participants ethnic affiliation, gender and age. There is some ground that is so flat and so low-lying that it stays so wet so much of the year, its not really conducive to anything other than rice, which will tolerate those conditions, he explained. In addition to reducing tillage and breeding rice varieties that emit less methane, the most effective methods for reducing methane emissions include various practices that reduce the amount of time fields are flooded, including furrow irrigation and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Asmiwyati IGAAR, Mahendra MS, Arifin NHS, Ichinose T. Recognizing indigenous knowledge on agricultural landscape in Bali for micro climate and environment control. Christian R. Vogl. Kool, A., Marinussen, M., & Blonk, H. LCI data for the calculation tool Feedprint for greenhouse gas emissions of feed production and utilization: GHG Emissions of N, P and K fertilizer production, https://www.blonkconsultants.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/fertilizer_production-D03.pdf (2012). Echoh DU, Nor NM, Gapor SA, Masron T. Issues and problems faced by rural farmers in paddy cultivation: a case study of the Iban paddy cultivation in Kuala Tatau, Sarawak. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Therefore, we combined the sketch drawings with oral interviews to understand problems connected to landscape elements. The mean farm size in the study area was 2.10.1ha, with an acid sulphate clay soil type8. (DR, Female, Kenyah, 30). & Palao, L. K. Climate-determined suitability of the water-saving technology Alternate Wetting and Drying in rice systems: A scalable methodology demonstrated for a Province in the Philippines. 3). Energy efficiency, which is the net energy difference between outputs and inputs of rice production, could vary depending on many factors including site-specific management of water, nutrients, pests and crop residues. Google Scholar. But it can be done: 4Sisters grows organic rice in Louisiana, and McKaskle Family Farm produces organic rice in Missouri for buyers like Chipotle. In the interviews, 23 problems were identified in the RAEs, of which nine, six and eight were categorised by their primary cause as environmental, social or agricultural technology system problems, respectively (Table 3). The LEGATO cross-disciplinary integrated ecosystem service research framework: an example of integrating research results from the analysis of global change impacts and the social, cultural and economic system dynamics of irrigated rice production. In the SA season, the same sampling procedure was applied with one more sampling at the center of each plot (total of three samples for each plot). et al. Nguyen AT, Hens L. Diversified responses to contemporary pressures on sloping agricultural land: Thai farmers perception of mountainous landscapes in northern Vietnam. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01035-3. Porter-Bolland et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2013.829810. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0672-2. For example, insufficient water availability was connected to landscape elements, e.g. Mertz O, Leisz SJ, Heinimann A, Rerkasem K, Dressler W, et al. However, the number of possible cultivations was limited by the soils quality and previous land cover; for example, if a farmer wanted to use grassland or bushland for a rice field, the field would be useful, according to one farmer, for no more than one cultivation cycle. A change in the environmental settings, social settings and agricultural technology system of traditional managed RAEs requires indigenous farmers to adjust to new conditions, such as adopting new farming practices or engaging in the market economy, which can cause problems in the RAEs and with farmers livelihoods [7, 12, 14, 21, 22]. In Rice Production Worldwide (eds Chauhan, B. S. et al.) One farmer solved this problem by using excess water from the neighbours rice field instead of the pipe. For instance, path infrastructure was perceived by indigenous farmers to allow a human presence close to the rice fields to reduce animal disturbance in the rice fields. Ainsworth, B. E. et al. Irrigation and drainage were applied similarly across the four treatments, but were different for the WS and SA seasons depending on the weather and flood conditions at the research site (Fig. Problems for the RAEs caused by the surrounding landscape elements are also shown in the rice terraces of Ifugao, Philippines, where the adjacent woodlots, called muyong, supply water to the rice field, but due to a change in the muyong management system, the RAE faces water availability issues [13]. Total Environ. Copenhagen: NIAS Press; 2007. The four treatments were: (1) BroadC (Fig. MecT also had lower in-field growing time than direct seeding by about 10%. Libr Inf Sci Res. The surrounding landscape elements were perceived as both a source of the problems and as a means of avoiding them. Thus, we coded all the problems mentioned in the interviews, their causes, consequences and applied solutions, and assigned the problems according to their primary cause into one of the three agroecosystem settings: environmental problems, social problems, and agricultural technology system problems [3]. In: Barker G, Janowski M, editors. (2) which is reported in Romasanta (2017)40. The findings identified a total of nine environmental problems, e.g. 2021;45:296316. Lovell, R. J. Identifying alternative wetting and drying (AWD) adoption in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta: A change detection approach. Mechanized transplanting has demonstrated advantages for irrigated lowland rice with yields reported to be 7% higher compared to manual transplanting, as well as having lower production costs29,30. While the red soil was described as infertile, the black soil was perceived to be fertile and should be used for rice growing. N.V.H. The tables and text of the article contain the data that support the results. Lima A, Hoogmoed WB, Brussaard L, Sacco dos Anjos F. Farmers assessment of soil quality in rice production systems. To compute for labor productivity, both hired and owned (family) male and female laborers were considered and the number of labor days per season (for all activities from land preparation until harvest, including regular field visits by farmers) were estimated by dividing the total labor cost per season by the average daily wage rate (VND 200,000day-1, collected during this research) at the time taken across all activities. To have enough rice, one strategy explained by a Kenyah farmer was to plant rice in sufficient quantities to store it for two years in the event of a poor harvest one year. Farr TG, Rosen PA, Caro E, Crippen R, Duren R, Hensley S, et al. 2017;1:17482. Animal attacks were mentioned by one farmer who stated that snakes and bears posed a health risk for farmers in rice fields further away from human activities, and required greater awareness. Indigenous farmers perceptions of problems in the rice field agroecosystems in the upper Baram, Malaysia. Some even had enough rice to sell the surplus. Insufficient water availability and unadjusted water levels, as well as uneven field levels in wet rice fields, lead to dry places where weeds can grow. in California, planes drop seeds into flood fields, and in Hardkes region, farmers typically drill seeds into dry fields and then flood them after the plants have germinated. PubMed Central 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101974. Manpower was calculated based on the metabolic equivalent of task (MET), which is the ratio of human metabolic rate when performing an activity to the metabolic rate at rest, and on a labor energy conversion factor37, with the assumption that the mean weight of a Vietnamese is 55kg. Mechanized transplanting of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Nonpuddled and No-Till Conditions in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System in Haryana, India. Traditional ecological knowledge on shifting cultivation and forest management in East Borneo, Indonesia. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104387. Tourism. 4) in terms of five features: rice plants, water, microrelief, soil and weeds (Fig. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Book Google Scholar. Consequently, fallow land was the landscape element around rice fields mentioned most frequently, suggesting a highly farmed area. The research focused on two villages, Long Lamai (31020"N, 115237"E) and Long Banga (31213"N, 1152336"E), in the upper Baram, which are approximately 4km apart and at an altitude of approximately 440m ASL (SRTM derived data [56]). The final manuscript was read and approved by all authors. Besides affecting the rice, heavy rain resulted in slippery conditions and hot temperatures could impact farmers health. While Styger and other researchers and farmers are working on ways to mechanize more aspects of SRI, the system is currently incredibly labor intensive and therefore doesnt make sense for farmers growing on more than a few acres. Farmers mentioned avoiding planting rice in weed-dominated areas, e.g. Furthermore, the findings were supported by quotations from the transcriptions. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.07.020 (2014). The landscape element related to soil quality was fallow land, which allows the area to recover and improve soil quality. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.034. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Chauhan, B. S., Awan, T. H., Abugho, S. B., Evengelist, G. & Sudhir, Y. Prod. We work with nine farmers right now, and each farmer has a slightly different setup. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7604-z. This year, we started out with trialing different things to see what works and what doesnt work. Eventually, they plan to sell the rice in collaboration with Lotus Foods. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Metz, B. et al.) Crop Prot. Total GHGEs of the research scenarios were 1.05 and 0.65kg CO2-eq kg-1 paddy during WS and SA, respectively. This study compared four crop establishment options: manual broadcasting (BroadC), blower seeding (BlowS), drum seeding (DrumS), and mechanized transplanting (MecT). Field Crops Res. 24, max. Naomi K Fukagawa 1 , Lewis H Ziska 2 Affiliations 1USDA, ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center. The kind of path infrastructure (e.g. In Arkansas, most farmers grow rice in rotation with other commodity crops, primarily soybeans and then some corn, cotton, and other grains like sorghum. Kanazawa K. Sustainable harvesting and conservation of agarwood: a case study from the upper Baram river in Sarawak, Malaysia. Additionally, other rice fields and irrigation infrastructure were linked with the problem by the mismanagement or lack of irrigation infrastructure.
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