GDPR Consent: Do Not Sell My Personal Information or Change Consent, BFBS, Chalfont Grove, Narcot Lane, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, SL9 8TN As each country's system evolved, operational gallantry awards were developed with the premier award of each system, with the Victoria Cross for Australia, the Canadian Victoria Cross and the Victoria Cross for New Zealand being created and named in honour of the Victoria Cross. [13], Other European countries had awards that did not discriminate against class or rank; France awarded the Lgion d'honneur (Legion of Honour, established 1802) and the Netherlands gave the Order of William (established in 1815). The Victoria Cross, or VC, is the highest accolade that can be awarded in the British military, given for valor or bravery when facing an enemy. [43] In 1881, the criteria were changed again and the VC was only awarded for acts of valour "in the face of the enemy". The first crosses were awarded during the Crimean War. George Cross awarded to Captain Mahmood Durrani, 1st Bahawalpur Infantry, for supreme bravery as a prisoner of war in the Second World War. Charles Upham enlisted in the New Zealand Expeditionary Forces in 1939 at the age of 30. The act which earns the award must be witnessed by several individuals. Beyond that point, the Medal of Honor was more clearly established as the highest ranking, and thereby a clearer equivalent of our VC. By law, only U.S. service members who distinguish. No civilian has received the award since 1879. It may be awarded posthumously. History Consulate During the French Revolution, all of the French orders of chivalry were abolished and replaced with Weapons of Honour. The country lists are compiled differently with the Australian list only being members of the Australian forces, the Canadian list being members of the Canadian forces including Danish Thomas Dinesen who served in Canadian Army plus others who are considered by Canadians as Canadian recipients, while the English list only includes a few of the many English born recipients who were decorated as members of Commonwealth and Indian forces. In each case, their highest award for most conspicuous bravery was named in honour of the British (Imperial) Victoria Cross; the Victoria Cross for Australia, the Victoria Cross (Canada) and the Victoria Cross for New Zealand. The Queen's Regulations for the Army of 1881 gave clear instructions on how to wear it; the VC had to follow the badge of the Order of the Indian Empire. [119] In 2016, portrait photographer Rory Lewis was commissioned by the Victoria Cross and George Cross Association to hold portrait sittings with all living recipients of the Victoria Cross and the George Cross.[120]. There was a growing feeling among the public and in the Royal Court that a new award was needed to recognise incidents of gallantry that were unconnected with the length or merit of a man's service. [6] A number of public and private collections are devoted to the Victoria Cross. Only one of them survived earning his second. There have also been a number of other changes to the rules for awarding the MOH over the course of its life. It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command. At first, the idea of a Medal of Honor was dismissed as too "European." During the American Revolution, George Washington established the first combat. Rather, they see it as something that was bestowed upon them to carry as a symbol of the sacrifices of all who have served. IWM collections. [48], The question of whether awards could be made to colonial troops not serving with British troops was raised in South Africa in 1881. A century and half later, the medal remains the highest honour for bravery and valour that can be awarded to members of the British Armed Forces. Remembrance Drive is a path through city streets and highways linking Sydney and Canberra. [19] Owing to its status, the VC is always the first decoration worn in a row of medals and it is the first set of post-nominal letters used to indicate any decoration or order. The power to cancel and restore awards is still included in the Victoria Cross warrant.[76]. List of Victoria Cross recipients by nationality, "Museum Honours only Woman to have "Won VC"". [21] A likely explanation is that the cannon were taken as trophies during the First Opium War and held in the Woolwich repository. It was instituted in 1856 by Queen Victoria at the request of her consort, Prince Albert. Surgeon General William George Nicholas Manley, an Irishman, is the sole recipient of both the Victoria Cross and the Iron Cross. It is ordained that in the event of a gallant and daring act having been performed by a squadron, ship's company, or detached body of seamen and marines not under fifty in number, or by a brigade, regiment, troop or company in which the admiral, general, or other officer commanding such forces may deem that all are equally brave and distinguished, and that no special selection can be made by them, then is such case the admiral, general, or other officer commanding, may direct that for any such body of seamen or marines, or for every troop or company of soldiers, one officer shall be selected by the officers engaged for the Decoration, and in like manner one petty officer or non-commissioned officer shall be selected by the petty officers and non-commissioned officers engaged, and two seamen or private soldiers or marines shall be selected by the seamen, or private soldiers, or marines engaged, respectively for the Decoration, and the names of those selected shall be transmitted by the senior officers in command of the Naval force, brigade, regiment, troop, or company, to the admiral or general officer commanding, who shall in due manner confer the Decoration as if the acts were done under his own eye. The extension was made following a recommendation for gallantry regarding colonial soldier Major Charles Heaphy for action in the New Zealand Wars in 1864. The Victoria Cross (VC; French: Croix de Victoria) was created in 1993, perpetuating the lineage of the British Victoria Cross, while serving as the highest award within the Canadian honours system, taking precedence over all other orders, decorations, and medals. [62], As the highest award for valour of the United Kingdom, the Victoria Cross is always the first award to be presented at an investiture, even before knighthoods, as was shown at the investiture of Private Johnson Beharry, who received his medal before General Sir Mike Jackson received his knighthood. " authorize the increase of the Victoria Cross pension from 10 pounds to 50 pounds per annum, the condition to be satisfied in such cases being inability to earn a livelihood, in consequence of age or infirmity occasioned by causes beyond an Annuitant's control. The other older British awards continued to be worn in the order prescribed by the British Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood. That is because the British had a number of other medals for gallantry both during and before World War 1, most notably the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal and the Distinguished Conduct Medal. Another very important point to bear in mind is that the much larger number of Medals of Honor can be largely explained by differences in the scale of conflicts rather than differences in standards. It is included in the total of 1,358 awards. This gesture reciprocated the award of the Medal of Honor to the British Unknown Warrior. [67] In 1898, Queen Victoria raised the pension to 50 for those that could not earn a livelihood, be it from old age or infirmity. In a partial reversal of policy for the South African War 18991902, the next of kin of three of the soldiers were sent medals by registered post in 1902. About 150 awards were either forwarded to the recipient or next of kin by registered post or no details of the presentations are known. In an exception to policy for the Second Boer War, six posthumous Victoria Crosses, three to those mentioned in the notices in 1900 and 1901 and a further three, were granted on 8August 1902, the first official posthumous awards. The most common observation being that the Victoria Cross may be given more often for engagements that senior military personnel would like to publicly promote. For example, if groups such as the crew of a ship had all shown high valour in combat, several members might get the VC for the same action. Ashcroft, Michael, Introduction: A brief History of the VC (p. In May 2014, the AWM website listed 69 medals, including three VCs for Australiasee, its own range of military decorations and medals, Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood, Victoria Cross and George Cross Association, "Author explodes myth of the gunmetal VC", "The Victoria Cross awarded to Captain Alfred Shout have been sold at auction", "Press Release: The Lord Ashcroft Gallery, Extraordinary Heroes", "The Victoria Cross mentioned in newsletter", "Australian SAS soldier Mark Donaldson awarded Victoria Cross", "SAS digger awarded VC for taking on Taliban", "Corporal Daniel Keighran awarded the Victoria Cross", "George Osborne to raise Victoria Cross and George Cross payments to 10,000", "Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003, c. 1, Part 9, Chapter 17, Section 638", "Veteran's Entitlement Act 1986, Clause 198a", "The History of The Royal Welsh: Anglo-Zulu War 1879", "Awards to Imperial Servicemen During the 2nd Maori War", "Operational Honours: VC and GC for acts of exceptional valour", "Victoria Cross Award For L/Cpl James Ashworth", "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", "Lord Ashcroft pays record price for 'ultimate' Victoria Cross", "Royal Navy VC sells for world-record auction price", "Army medal theft 'insult' to our nation's heritage", "World's largest VC collection to go on show", "Doing right for the country: The Canadian War Museum's mission to save Canada's Victoria Crosses", "The Post Office issues VC stamps in 2007 illustrated with artifacts from the collection of Canon Lummis in the National Army Museum", "The Remembrance Driveway and VC Rest Areas", "Valour Road Victoria Crosses united in Winnipeg for 1st time", "Victoria & George Cross PortraitsPortrait Photographer Rory Lewis Liverpool & London & Los Angeles (CA)", Victoria Cross & George Cross Association website, "Holders of the Victoria Cross and the George Cross", National Archives Victoria Cross Registers, Search UK National Inventory of War Memorial for memorials in the UK commemorating VC recipients, Victoria Cross Royal Warrants (18561920), Argentine Nation to the Heroic Valour in Combat Cross, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword, Order of the Karaore's Star with Swords, Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom, Kings Police Medal, for Distinguished Service, King's Fire Service Medal, for Distinguished Service, Merchant Navy Medal for Meritorious Service, King's Commendation for Bravery in the Air, Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold, Royal West African Frontier Force Distinguished Conduct Medal, King's African Rifles Distinguished Conduct Medal, Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Silver, Kaisar-i-Hind Medal (Gold, Silver, Bronze), Sierra Leone Fire Brigades Medal, for Gallantry, Mauritius Police Medal for Meritorious Service, Indian Police Medal, for Meritorious Service, Sierra Leone Police Medal, for Meritorious Service, Sierra Leone Fire Brigades Medal, for Meritorious Service, Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air, Australian Honours Order of Precedence prior to 6 October 1992, King's Police Medal for Distinguished Service, King's Fire Service Medal for Distinguished Service, South African military decorations and medals, Meritorious Service Medal (United Kingdom), Meritorious Service Medal (Cape of Good Hope), Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (Cape of Good Hope), Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (Natal), Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond the Seas Medal, Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct (South Africa), Volunteer Officers' Decoration for India and the Colonies, Volunteer Long Service Medal for India and the Colonies, Colonial Auxiliary Forces Officers' Decoration, Colonial Auxiliary Forces Long Service Medal, Decoration for Officers of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Long Service and Good Conduct Medal, King's Medal for Champion Shots in the Military Forces, Union of South Africa Commemoration Medal, Cape Copper Company Medal for the Defence of O'okiep, Medal for Distinguished Conduct and Loyal Service, Queen's Medal for Champion Shots in the Military Forces, National Cadet Bisley Grand Champion Medal, Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Gold, Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Silver, Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Bronze, Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition, Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Feodora, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_Cross&oldid=1159043607, Military awards and decorations of the United Kingdom, 1856 establishments in the United Kingdom, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Articles containing Old English (ca. Likewise, the Congressional Medal of Honor Society (CMOHS) explains that the MOH "is authorized for any military service member who distinguishes himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. The Victoria Cross When a medal hasn't belonged to a family member, we consider it as part of a ' secondary marke t'. In 1955 the set of medals awarded to Edmund Barron Hartley was bought at Sotheby's for the then record price of 300 (approximately 8400 in present-day terms[92]). [41] In all, 46 awards have been awarded by ballot with 29 of the awards during the Indian Mutiny. Victoria Cross (VC) Cross of Valour (CV) Order of Merit (OM) Companion of the Order of Canada (CC) Officer of the Order of Canada (OC) Member of the Order of Canada (CM) Commander of the Order of Military Merit (CMM) Commander of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces (COM) Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) Of the 101 medals awarded to Australians (96 VCs, and five VCs for Australia), this collection contains around 70 medals, including three medals awarded to British soldiers (Grady, 1854; Holbrook, 1914; and Whirlpool, 1858), and three of the VCs for Australia (Donaldson, 2008; Keighran, 2010; and Roberts-Smith, 2010). [2][3], For a short time in the middle 1800s, the VC was awarded for actions taken not in the face of the enemy. Officers were eligible for an award of one of the junior grades of the Order of the Bath and brevet promotions while a Mention in Despatches existed as an alternative award for acts of lesser gallantry. VC Facts: *The largest number award for actions on a single day was twenty-four on November 16, 1857 during the Indian Mutiny at the relief of Lucknow. He was awarded the VC posthumously in 1921. The total number of VCs also includes eight cases of forfeiture. Since the Victoria Cross was introduced in 1857, some 1,358 medals have been awarded. In 1854, after 39 years of peace, Britain was in a major war against Russia. Indian troops became eligible for the award in 1911. [1], A recommendation for the VC is normally issued by an officer at regimental level, or equivalent, and has to be supported by three witnesses, although this has been waived on occasion. As per the inscription on each VC medal, the award is granted "for valour" - for those who have shown exceptional bravery "in the presence of the enemy". Thanks to the Congressional Medal of Honor Society for assistance with this article. The criteria for both medals have varied over the years. [102] A reward of NZ$300,000, provided by Lord Ashcroft, was posted for information leading to the recovery of the decorations. [5], The VC is highly prized and has been valued at over 400,000 at auctions. Recognises acts of extreme bravery carried out by civilians and military personal when not under enemy fire. The value of the VC can be seen by the increasing sums that the medals reach at auctions. According to the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, the Medal of Honor began life specifically as a naval medal thanks to the efforts of a US congressman: It started as a simple idea from Iowa Senator James W. Grimesa bill authorizing the production and distribution of medals of honor to be presented to enlisted seamen and marines who distinguish themselves by gallantry in action and other seamanlike qualities during the American Civil War.. One Victoria Cross for New Zealand was awarded to Willie Apiata on 26 July 2007; four Victoria Crosses for Australia have been awarded to Mark Donaldson, Ben Roberts-Smith, Daniel Keighran and Cameron Baird. [55] Canada followed suit when in 1993 Queen Elizabeth signed Letters Patent creating the Canadian VC, which is also similar to the British version, except that the legend has been changed from "for valour" to the Latin "pro valore". King George V felt very strongly that the decoration should never be forfeited and in a letter from his Private Secretary, Lord Stamfordham, on 26 July 1920, his views are forcefully expressed: The King feels so strongly that, no matter the crime committed by anyone on whom the VC has been conferred, the decoration should not be forfeited. This is why the eight cases of forfeiture are still on the official list of VC recipients today. [21] The composition found in the WW2 VCs, among them those for Edwards (Australia) and Upham (New Zealand), is similar to that for the early WW1 medals. The Victoria Cross (VC) is the most prestigious award in the British honours system (tied with the George Cross as of 1940). [51][55] The Canadian Victoria Cross also includes metal from the same cannon, along with copper and other metals from all regions of Canada. The crimson ribbon was later adopted for all three services in 1918. Company Limited by Guarantee. Some were damaged or destroyed. Since they were first made and awarded, Victoria Crosses have been made from bronze, which is said to have been derived from Russian artillery guns captured during the Crimean War. Republic of South Africa Government Gazette Vol. To begin with, the US Navy and Army Medals of Honor had a significant difference in their awarding criteria: the Army required high valour whilst in combat, whereas the US Navys criteria also included gallant acts performed during military service, though it was not necessary for these to have been performed whilst in combat. US air forces had, after all, been a part of the Army until 1947, when the USAF was created. Global War on Terrorism, 2001-Present. Bernard Fisher became the first US Air Force recipient, getting his award in 1967 for actions performed the previous year during the Vietnam War. By the end of 1861, President Abraham Lincoln had signed a bill that created the first Medal of Honor for the US Navy, which at the time could only be awarded to those in the ranks. It is the highest accolade that a member of the British Armed Forces can receive. Edward Kenna was honoured with the most recent rest stop on 16 August 2012, having died in 2009. [6] In November 2009, it was reported that almost 1.5million was paid to St Peter's College, Oxford by Lord Ashcroft for the VC and bar awarded to Noel Chavasse. Violette Szabo (1921-1945) worked for 'F' Section inSpecial Operations Executive (SOE)during theSecond World War. In order to make such additional provision as shall effectually preserve pure this most honourable distinction, it is ordained that, if any person be convicted of treason, cowardice, felony, or of any infamous crime, or if he be accused of any such offence, and doth not after a reasonable time surrender himself to be tried for the same, his name shall forthwith be erased from the registry of individuals upon whom the said Decoration shall have been conferred, and by an especial Warrant under Our Royal Sign Manual, and the pension conferred under Rule 14 shall cease and determine from the date of such Warrant. [31] The Victoria Cross warrant makes no specific provision as to who should actually present the medals to the recipients. In 1921, the British Unknown Warrior was awarded the US Medal of Honor and reciprocally the Victoria Cross was presented to the American Unknown Soldier of the First World War. A VC awarded in 1917 to Canadian soldier Corporal Filip Konowal[100] was stolen from the same museum in 1973 and was not recovered until 2004. Zengel was American born, considered Canadian. It was popular to pin it on the left side of the chest over the heart, with other decorations grouped around the VC. Changes and updates also impacted the VC. Jack Cornwells Victoria Cross, awarded posthumously in September 1916. Just as the American military of today is much larger than the British military, the wars out of which the VC and MOH were establish the Crimean and the American Civil War involved very different overall numbers of soldiers. When this has occurred, the Marines and the Coast Guard have received the naval version of the MOH. The complete book of Heraldry by Stephen Slater, 2002. The original warrant stated that the Victoria Cross would only be awarded to officers and men who had served in the presence of the enemy and had performed some signal act of valour or devotion. One of those VCs is also accounted for by having been awarded reciprocally to the American Unknown Soldier for the Medal of Honor awarded by General John Pershing to the British Unknown Soldier in 1921. Nearly 300 awards have been presented by a member of the royal family or by a civil or military dignitary. The VC was introduced on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to . She was executed in Ravensbrck concentration camp and posthumously awarded theGeorge Cross, the highest honour given to civilians. Posted In: News Articles | July 30, 2021 [46] Following gallant actions by three New Zealand soldiers in November 1868 and January 1869 during the New Zealand Wars, an Order in Council on 10 March 1869 created a "Distinctive Decoration" for members of the local forces without seeking permission from the Secretary of State for the Colonies. It was also thought that some medals made during the First World War were composed of metal captured from different Chinese guns during the Boxer Rebellion. In the case of the Victoria Cross, since the first ones were awarded retroactively after the Crimean War, there was a lot of lobbying that went on for those too, a lot of it unsuccessfully. It can be awarded to the same person in five different classes. The Victoria Cross ( VC) is the highest and most prestigious award of the British honours system. Vietnam War, 1956-1973. The final seven ballot awards were the only naval ballot awards with three awards to two Q-ships in 1917 and four awards for the Zeebrugge Raid in 1918. Up until the end of the First World War though, the Victoria Cross and Medal of Honor awards would have been less directly comparable. The Victoria Cross was created first, being established in 1856 at the end of the Crimean War. [35][36], The process and motivations of selecting the medal's recipients has sometimes been interpreted as inconsistent or overly political. [1] The Victoria Cross warrant was not officially amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920 but one quarter of all awards for the First World War were posthumous. Six were awarded at this time for actions taken not in the face of the enemy. Created 24 September 1940. [56] New Zealand was the third country to adapt the VC into its own honours system. An Army version followed in the middle of 1862, though initially it too was only to be awarded to privates and NCOs, though US Army officers soon became eligible as well in 1863. [a] The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction: Chevalier ( Knight ), Officier (Officer), Commandeur ( Commander ), Grand officier (Grand Officer) and Grand-croix ( Grand Cross ). Later that year, the Government of New Zealand assumed full responsibility for operations, but no further recommendations for the Victoria Cross were raised for local troops who distinguished themselves in action. The Victoria Cross is the 'holy grail' for medal collectors because there are only 1,357 in existence. Trees were planted in February 1954 by Queen Elizabeth II in a park near Sydney Harbour and at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra, marking either end of the route, with various plantations along the roadsides in memory of the fallen. [96] Vice Admiral Gordon Campbell's medal group, including the VC he received for actions while in command of HMS Farnborough, was reportedly sold for a record 840,000. the medal disparity is less than you think. [24] Nonetheless, it has always been a cross patte; the discrepancy with the warrant has never been corrected. [25], The cross is suspended by a ring from a seriffed "V" to a bar ornamented with laurel leaves, through which the ribbon passes. It is awarded for valour "in the presence of the enemy" to members of the British Armed Forces and may be awarded posthumously. Introduced in 1856 to reward acts of valor in the face of the enemy, the medal has been awarded 1,358 times to 1,353 individual recipients, and only 14 medals have been awarded since the end of . Only three recipients have been awarded two. The VC has been awarded on 1358 occasions to 1355 individual recipients. [110] Westminster Abbey contains monuments and memorials to central figures in British history including Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin. While engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States; While engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force; or, While serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party.". ), Until 1921 the Victoria Cross could not be awarded to women, and to this day no VC has been awarded to members of that gender. The remaining portion of the only remaining cascabel, weighing 358 oz (10kg), is stored in a vault maintained by 15 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps at MoD Donnington and may only be removed under armed guard. It has been awarded to seven civilians since the issuing of the warrant, including two members of the Mercantile Marine during World War 1. [114], It is a tradition within the Australian Army for soldiers' recreational clubs on military bases to be named after a particular recipient of the Victoria Cross. [83] Upham remains the only combatant soldier to have received a VC and Bar. It is awarded for valour "in the presence of the enemy" to members of the British Armed Forces and may be awarded posthumously. The result was Harvey's seminal book Monuments to Courage. World War I, 1917-1918. [91], Since 1879, more than 300 Victoria Crosses have been publicly auctioned or advertised. In the end, both awards have travelled an interesting historical path and todays VCs and Medals of Honor are quite clearly equally appreciative of similar acts of extreme valour or gallantry. [81] Eight of the 12 surviving holders of the Victoria Cross attended the 150th Anniversary service of remembrance at Westminster Abbey on 26 June 2006. [101], On 2 December 2007, nine VCs were among 100 medals (12 sets) stolen from locked, reinforced glass cabinets at the QEII Army Memorial Museum in Waiouru, New Zealand, with a value of around NZD$20million. [78] The greatest number won by a single unit during a single action is seven, to the 2nd/24th Foot, for the defence of Rorke's Drift, 2223 January 1879, during the Zulu War. Though after the war, standards began to slip during the 1870s to the 1890s and in some instances would-be recipients were recommending themselves for the award. Four of these are US Unknown Soldiers who lie in Arlington National Cemetery in the state of Virginia, and five include the Unknown Soldiers of other nations who fought in the First World War: Britain, France, Italy, Belgium and Romania. According to the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, the way it was commonly done in the Civil War was for officers to recommend soldiers they noticed had been particularly high performing and gallant. i remember reading that an entire reg't of civil war troops were given the cmh as an enticement or reward for re . John F MacKie was the first US Marine to receive the MOH, for brave conduct in 1862, and Douglas A Munroe became the first Coast Guard member to receive it for actions he performed at Guadalcanal in 1942. Later, the collection was broken up and many of the paintings were sent to the various regiments depicted. The VC was replaced by the Param Vir Chakra (PVC) and Nishan-e-Haider (NH) respectively. The Victoria Cross, a simple bronze cross inscribed For Valour on the front and engraved with the recipient's name, rank, number, unit and the date of the action on the reverse, was first awarded by Queen Victoria - in a ceremony in Hyde Park - in 1857, to heroes of the Crimea. The Victoria Cross for Australia is the "decoration for according recognition to persons who in the presence of the enemy, perform acts of the most conspicuous gallantry, or daring or pre-eminent acts of valour or self-sacrifice or display . The Polish Order of the Virtuti Militari was established in 1792 by King Stanislaw August Poniatowski to recognize and reward outstanding military valor above and beyond the call of duty. In 1858, new statutes allowed the Victoria Cross to be conferred for gallantry when not in the presence of the enemy .
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