According to Julius Wellhausen, most of them regretted their actions in the battle and embellished the accounts of the battle in favor of Husayn in order to dilute their guilt. [82][83] Heinz Halm writes: "There was no religious aspect to Shi'ism prior to 680. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In his Musnad, Abu Bakr Bazar has narrated the Musnad of Husayn Ibn Ali with 4 hadiths and Tabarani has narrated his Musnad with 27 hadiths, respectively. During his rule (632634), he suppressed the tribal political and religious uprisings known as the riddah (political rebellion, sometimes translated as apostasy), thereby bringing central Arabia under Muslim control. This tomb was probably formed two centuries after the event of Karbala and was rebuilt and expanded until the thirteenth century AH. The Hajj is one of the largest and most logistically challenging gatherings of people on Earth. Husayn's cavalry resisted fiercely and Ibn Sa'd brought in armoured cavalry and five hundred archers. They're gathering at Mount Arafat, where the Prophet Muhammad delivered his final sermon about 1,400 years ago. The other states ones acceptance of Gods Messenger on earth, which relates to ones commitment to live in obedience to Gods commandments, which expresses itself in ones outward life as lived daily. [53], According to Valiri, Hurr ordered his army to take Husayn and his companions to Ibn Ziad without fighting and intended to persuade Husayn to do so. According to Islamic traditions, Husayn is mentioned in the Torah as "Shubayr" and in the Gospels as "Tab". [48] As such he knew many eyewitnesses and collected firsthand accounts and some with very short chains of transmitters, usually one or two intermediaries. [74] no one was compassionate towards the women and Ali Zayn al-Abidin,[71][75][76] One of his courtiers asked for the hand of a captive woman from Husayn's family in marriage, which resulted in heated altercation between Yazid and Zaynab. In response to Husayn's question about the situation in Iraq, the poet Farzadaq explicitly told him that the hearts of the Iraqi people are with you, but their swords are in the service of the Umayyads. DUBAI, United Arab Emirates Around 2 million Muslims are converging Tuesday in the valleys and hills around Mecca for the pinnacle day of the annual Hajj pilgrimage. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abu-Bakr, Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Abu Bakr al Siddiq, Abu Bakr - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Abu Bakr - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Encyclopdia Britannica. DUBAI, United Arab Emirates Around 2 million Muslims are converging Tuesday in the valleys and hills around Mecca for the pinnacle day of the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Another key part of the Hajj is circling the Kaaba seven times and reciting prayers. [61] Husayn told his men that they were all free to leave, with his family, under the cover of night, since their opponents only wanted him. [59] He had been appointed governor of Rayy to suppress a local rebellion, but then recalled to confront Husayn. This included two of Husayn's sons, six of his paternal brothers, three sons of Hasan ibn Ali, three sons of Jafar ibn Abi Talib and three sons and three grandsons of Aqil ibn Abi Talib. After a few years, the women were compensated for their belongings looted in Karbala and were sent back to Medina. [96] The eyewitnesses were of two kinds: those from Husayn's side; and those from Ibn Sa'd's army. Husayn refused to return, relating that Muhammad had ordered him in a dream to move forward irrespective of the consequences. Iranian supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has banned the practice in Iran since 1994. [178] Buyids, a Shi'a dynasty originally from Iran which later occupied the Abbasid capital Baghdad while accepting the Abbasid caliph's suzerainty,[179] promoted the public rituals of Muharram to portray themselves as patrons of religion and to strengthen the Shi'a identity in Iraq. "[168] Lammens has agreed to this view and he sees in Husayn a person who disturbs public peace. Let me ask a question: Who is the Prophet Muhammad? Rasool Jafarian considers the narrations in which Husayn is like Ali and Hasan is like Muhammad to be fake; According to him, the image presented in these narrations could have been used to destroy the image of Ali and Ashura and to be useful to those who were in favor of Uthman tendencies. [222] Persian Sufi poet Hakim Sanai describes Husayn as a martyr, higher in rank than all the other martyrs of the world; while Farid ud-Din Attar considers him a prototype of a Sufi who sacrificed himself in the love of God. To celebrate Husayn's birth, Muhammad sacrificed a ram, and Fatima shaved his head and donated the same weight of his hair in silver as alms. [90] Similarly, Madelung and Wellhausen assert that the battle lasted from sunrise to sunset and that the overall account of the battle is reliable. The slain of Karbala will enter Paradise without any reckoning. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. These influenced the composition of the more popular text Rawdat al-Shuhada (Garden of Martyrs), which was written in 1502 by Husain Wa'iz Kashefi. Shemr, who commanded the left wing of the Umayyad army, launched an attack, but after losses on both sides he was repulsed. To atone for what they perceived as their sin, they began a movement known as Tawwabin uprising, under Sulayman ibn Surad, a companion of Muhammad, to fight the Umayyads, and attracted large-scale support. [147], In the category of sermons of Husayn Ibn Ali, there are some sermons of him in the pre-Imamate period, some of which are very famous. [17] The image of Yazid suffered and gave rise to sentiment that he was impious. A history by the Syriac Christian scholar Theophilus of Edessa, who was chief astrologer in the Abbasid court between 775 and 785, is partially preserved in a number of extant Christian chronicles, including those by Michael the Syrian and the Byzantine historian Theophanes the Confessor. [53] Husayn said to them: I did not come to you until your letters were brought to me, and your messengers came to me saying, 'Come to us, for we have no imam.' Correspondence with Kufis, Basrians and people like Muslim Ibn Aqeel is like this. The Prophet Muhammad (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) Said: There Is No Day When Allah Sets Free More Servants From Hell Fire Than The Day Of Arafah #Hajj #_ #HajjMubarak . BIRTHDAY OF BIBI FATIMA ZEHRA CELEBERATED AS MOTHER'S DAY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD Fatima al Zehra (A.S), is the daughter of Prophet Muhammad (A.S) and Khadija (A.S), the great lady and spiritual mother of the faithful ones. Create complex phrase and word queries by using Boolean logic. 25 th of Shawwal (83 A.H)-Shahadat of Imam Jafar as Sadiq (as) - (Great grandson of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), 6th Holy Imam, Sultan ul Awliya, and 5 th Grand Shakyh of Naqshbandi Golden Chain) Fasting: Jabir b. [e][29], During the caliphate of Abu Bakr and Umar, Husayn was present at some events such as testifying about the story of Fadak. People are compassionate and the mood is great.". 824 likes, 13 comments - Shaykh Mohammed Aslam (@shaykh.aslam) on Instagram: "The mother of Sayyiduna 'Ali is buried in the Baqi graveyard. [84] But after the slave recited the verse " ", Husayn forgave him and after that the slave recited the verse " " and Husayn released the slave because of this. On this day, Shi'a Muslims mourn, hold public processions, organize religious gathering, beat their chests and in some cases self-flagellate. "You have to believe in it.". The recent one is used by Shia to prove the right of Imamate for the descendants of Muhammad. [79], The killing of the grandson of Muhammad shocked the Muslim community. Husayn had also sent a messenger to Basra, another garrison town in Iraq, but the messenger could not attract any following and was quickly apprehended and executed. [11], According to Madelung, Husayn had two sons named Ali. Husayn was unaware of the change of political circumstances in Kufa and decided to depart. But Husayn did not heed to his advice and continued to Azad or Qadisiyah. It must be recited by every Muslim at least once in a lifetime, aloud, correctly, and purposively, with a full understanding of its meaning and with an assent of the heart. [18] It is also narrated that Muhammad took Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn under his cloak and called them ahl al-bayt and stated that they are free from any sin and pollution. William Montgomery Watt See All Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Further on the way, he received the news of the execution of Ibn Aqil and the indifference of the people of Kufa. Upon hearing this, Husayn allowed his supporters to leave the caravan due to the depressing issues such as the betrayal of the Kufis. He also spoke about racial equality in his sermon, saying that no person has superiority over the other based on ethnicity or race. Ibn Ziyad replied that Husayn must surrender or he should be subdued by force,[59] and that to compel him, he and his companions should be denied access to the Euphrates river. The life of Al Farooq Umar ibn Al-Khattab (R.A.) is a shining page of Islamic history, which outshines and supersedes all other histories. Born in the city of Makkah, in Saudia Arabia. [103] [199][200], Mir Mosharraf Hossain's 19th century novel on Karbala, Bishad Sindhu (the Ocean of Sorrow), established the precedent of the Islamic epic in Bangali literature. Amr Nabil/AP. Why Prophet Muhammad Is Mentioned in the Shahadah? Hasan and Husayn are different in this respect from their half brothers, such as Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. When the people saw what Uthman was doing, the companions of the Prophet in Medina wrote to other companions who were scattered throughout the frontier provinces: "You have gone forth but to struggle in the path of Almighty God, for the sake of Muhammad's religion. There are mainly two aspects of the significance of the second part of the Shahadah, namely: "Muhammad is the Messenger (Prophet) of Allah". Urdu marthiya afterwards became popular throughout India. His collection is recognized by the overwhelming majority of the Muslim world to be one of the most authentic collections of the Sunnah of the Prophet (). Reigning from 656 to 661, he was the first imam (leader) of . This revenge is believed to be one of the fundamental objectives of the future revolution of the twelfth Shi'a Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi, whose return is awaited. Fima bint Muammad (Arabic: , 605/15-632 CE), commonly known as Fima al-Zahr ( ), was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his wife Khadija. [68][70], Seventy or seventy-two people died on Husayn's side, of whom about twenty were descendants of Abu Talib, the father of Ali. is used by the Shi'a as a mantra to live their lives as Husayn did on Ashura, i.e. Defense arrangements were made: tents were brought together and tied to one another and a ditch was dug behind the tents and filled with wood ready to be set alight in case of attack. Ab Bakr, also called al-iddq (Arabic: the Upright), (born 573died August 23, 634), Muhammads closest companion and adviser, who succeeded to the Prophets political and administrative functions, thereby initiating the office of the caliph. New Haven: Yale University Press, 3752. Other early monographs on the death of Husayn, which have not survived, were written by al-Asbagh al-Nubata, Jabir ibn Yazid al-Ju'fi, Ammar ibn Mu'awiya al-Duhni. It is also narrated that Ali knew that Husayn would be killed in Karbala, and when he passed by this area, he stopped and cried, remembering Muhammad's prophecy. He interpreted Karbala() as () anguish and () calamity. a al-Bukhr is a collection of hadth compiled by Abu Abdullh Muhammad Ibn Ism`l al-Bukhr(rahimahullh). (Az-Zuhri said, "They have been managed in this way till today. [201] South Asian philosopher and poet Muhammad Iqbal sees Husayn's sacrifice as being similar to that of Ishmael and compares Yazid's opposition to Husayn with the opposition of Pharaoh to Moses. [220] Comparing Karl Marx with Husayn, Josh Malihabadi argues that Karbala is not a story of the past to be recounted by the religious clerics in majalis, but should be seen as a model for revolutionary struggle towards the goal of a classless society and economic justice. [141] Sunni commentators such as Fakhr Razi and Ibn Kathir, in their commentary, while narrating various narrations about the example of Ahl al-Bayt in this verse, consider Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn as examples. Jesus said this in answer to Philips demand to see God. Tabatabai says that according to the narrations, the meaning of our sons in the verse of Mubahila was Hassan and Husayn. He asked to be allowed to leave. There are mainly two aspects of the significance of the second part of the Shahadah, namely: Muhammad is the Messenger (Prophet) of Allah. [89] This is countered by the historian Laura Veccia Vaglieri, who argues that despite there being some fabricated accounts, all of the contemporary accounts together form "a coherent and credible narrative". [77][78] The women of Yazid's household joined the captive women in their lamentation for the dead. Maulana Baig - Shahadat of Bibi Fatima (s.a) & Seera of Prophet Muhammad Lecture 2 - English. [175][176] Although the Penitents had used the same slogan, they do not seem have had a political program. When Mu'awiya died in 680, Yazid demanded that Husayn pledge allegiance to him. May 2009 Show Less >> [213], Maqtal later entered Persian, Turkish, and Urdu literature, and inspired the development of rawda. Hand-to-hand fighting paused and further volleys of arrows were exchanged. Buyids and Safavids also encouraged this practice. [11] Zayn al-Abidin's mother, on the other hand, was a slave probably from Sind named azla, Solfa, Salma, hzann, or Shahrbanu. [218][219], Urdu marthiya is predominantly religious in nature and usually concentrates on lamenting the Battle of Karbala. [57] Later, a messenger from Ibn Ziad came to Hur and without greeting Husayn, gave a letter to Hur in which Ibn Ziad had ordered him to not to stop in a place where Husayn can have easy access to water. With flights, buses, accommodation and visas through authorized Hajj operators, the cost can vary around $1,000 per pilgrim to tens of thousands for those who can afford the upscale hotels overlooking the Grand Mosque in Mecca. Part I: The Mosque of al-Aqmar". He was, however, not seeking martyrdom and wanted to return when his expected support did not materialize. [216][126] Kashefi's composition was an effective factor in the development of rawda khwani, a ritual recounting of the battle events in majalis. [115], During the month of Muharram, elaborate public processions are performed in commemoration of the Battle of Karbala. test* Shemr wanted to burn that one too, but was prevented by his companions. There are different reports on the day and month Abu Talib passed away, but according to al . [18], When Husayn reached the area of Zabalah, he found out that his messenger, Qais ibn Mushar Sa'idawi - or his brother-in-law, Abdullah ibn Yaqtar - who had been sent from Hejaz to Kufa to inform the people of Husayn's imminent arrival, was exposed and killed by falling from the roof of Kufa Palace. Obey Allah and His Apostle} (Al-Anfal 8:20), {Say: If ye do love Allah, Follow me: Allah will love you and forgive you your sins } (Al-Imran 3:31), {He who obeys the Apostle, obeys Allah} (An-Nisaa 4:80). property and said, "I will not leave anything Allah's Messenger () used to do, because I am afraid that if I According to William C. Chittick, this prayer is the most famous prayer in terms of its beauty and spiritual structure and is recited every year on the Day of Arafah and during the Hajj season - that is, when it was first recited by Husayn ibn Ali - by Shia pilgrims. According to him, Husayn was convinced that "the family of the Prophet was divinely chosen to lead the community founded by Moammad, as the latter had been chosen, and had both an inalienable right and an obligation to seek this leadership." Muhammad described him and his brother, Hasan, as "the leaders of the youth of Paradise."[10][11]. hide. [11], According to the Shi'a, Husayn was the third Imam for a period of ten years after the death of his brother Hasan in 670 AD. [33] As it has been made clear by other verses, we humans cannot see God; we can only see Gods human messenger. Second: Gods guidance is not just for our academic study, but for our realizing it in space and time. [10], Other verses that the Shiites attribute to Husayn include verse 6 of Surah Al-Ahzab and 28 of Surah Az-Zukhruf, which have been interpreted to mean the continuation of the Imamate from his generation. Contemporary Shiite circles have carefully identified Sajjad as Ali al-Awsat and Ali al-Asghar as an infant in Karbala; Among these children, Abd Allah - known by the mention of his name in the events of Ashura - is considered the other son of Husayn. Here, the word pledge will have higher weight than hijrah. The first historically recorded visit is Sulayman ibn Surad and the Penitents going to Husayn's grave before their departure to Syria. "You don't feel strange or that someone else [from another country] is strange to you. [66], Since Umayyad forces could approach Husayn's army from the front only, Ibn Sa'd ordered the tents to be burned. He would travel with the poor or invite them to his house and feed them. Why are you waiting for the man? [146], There are narrations that Gabriel informed Muhammad at the time of Husayn's birth that his ummah would kill Husayn and that the Imamate would be from Husayn, and that Muhammad informed his companions of how Husayn had been killed. While the Hajj in Islam follows the path the Prophet Muhammad once walked, it's also believed to trace the paths the prophets Ibrahim and Ismail once took, or as they're known in the Bible, Abraham and Ishmael. According to the reports, commonly accepted by Shia, she was the daughter of Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid king of Iran to be captured during the Arab conquest. Aaron, Moses' brother, gave the same names to his sons after learning the names God had chosen for Ali's children. "[70] The Umayyad soldiers then rushed Husayn and wounded him on his hand and shoulder. For the Shi'a, Husayn's suffering and death became a symbol of sacrifice in the struggle for right against wrong, and for justice and truth against injustice and falsehood. Since few people from Husayn's camp survived, most eyewitnesses were from the second category. asan, in full asan ibn Al ibn Ab lib, (born 624, Arabiadied 670, Medina), a grandson of the Prophet Muhammad (the founder of Islam), the elder son of Muhammad's daughter Fimah. He argues that if killing Husayn was a crime its responsibility lay with Yazid and not Ibn Ziyad, who was only performing his duty. He is also considered to be a member of the Ahl al-Kisa, and a participant in the event of Mubahala. with complete sacrifice for God and for others. South Indian rulers of Bijapur (Ali Adil Shah), and Golkonda Sultanate (Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah) were patrons of poetry and encouraged Urdu marthiya recitation in Muharram. [62][48], After the morning prayer on 10 October, both parties took up battle positions. RT @mohamedkorshen: Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) Said; "Whoever first on the day of Arafah,his sins of the previous and following year will be forgiven." Oleg Grabar (ed.). Updates? [f][48][45][47] Nevertheless, he offered Husayn support if he would stay in Mecca and lead the opposition to Yazid from there. [224] Sindhi Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai devoted a section in his Shah Jo Risalo to the death of Husayn, in which the incident is remembered in laments and elegies. It consistently poses a challenge for Saudi authorities as they host people and manage crowds from nearly every country in the world. When a Muslim. [108], There are several narrations about the burial place of Imam Husayn's head; For example, with his father Ali in Najaf, outside Kufa but not with Ali, in Karbala with his whole body, in Baqiya, in an unknown place in Damascus, in Raqqa, Syria, and in a mosque Mohsen Al-Amin in Cairo. [40][41] Yazid's goal was to take control of the situation in the city before the people became aware of Mu'awiya's death. Fatima's husband was Ali, the fourth of the Rashidun Caliphs and the first Shia Imam.Fatima's sons were Hasan and Husayn, the second and . The plan backfired and flames hindered the Umayyad advance for a while. [20] Ibn Sa'd cursed Shemr and accused him of foiling his attempts to reach a peaceful settlement but agreed to carry out the orders. [21] Wafat of the Holy Prophet Muhammad al-Mustafa (saw) and Shahadat of Imam Hassan al-Mujtaba (as) In his opinion, this marriage probably had material benefits for Husayn and its occurrence could not have been in Ali's time. This points to the fact that it is not enough for us just to worship God as an ascetic devotee would; but also to live here as members of human society, making use of the blessings God has given us, and observing the limits set by God. According to Madelung, after Hasan's peace with Mu'awiya, Husayn married Layla, from whom Ali al-Akbar was born. One faction, the Shi'a, believed that only individuals with direct lineage to the Prophet could guide the Muslim . He put a cap on his head and wrapped a turban around it to staunch the bleeding. Ibn Sa'd approached the tents and Husayn's sister Zaynab complained to him: "'Umar b. Sa'd, will Abu 'Abd Allah (the kunya of Husayn) be killed while you stand and watch? [68][67] At some point, a young child of Husayn's, who was sitting on his lap, was hit by an arrow and died. According to Vaglieri, the basis of the Shias' glorification of Husayn is his outstanding sacred and moral action and the noble ideals to which he sacrificed himself. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Ali i. Life and Significance in Shiism", Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, "HSEYN - An article published in Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Husayn_ibn_Ali&oldid=1162305546, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 28 June 2023, at 07:57. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Husayn refused, stating that he did not want to start the hostilities. It also provides the members of the Shi'a faith with a catalog of heroic norms. The Battle of Karbala galvanized the development of the pro-Alid[b] party (Shi'at Ali) into a unique religious sect with its own rituals and collective memory. When Muhammad died in 632, he had not named a successor. Thus, the sermon of Husayn ibn Ali, after public allegiance to Ali ibn Abi Talib and others, is his sermon in the battle of Safin. Although Tabari and other early sources contain some miraculous stories,[99] these sources are mainly historical and rational in nature,[104] in contrast to the literature of later periods, which is mainly hagiographical in nature. Ali al-Akbar was born from Layla, the daughter of Abi Murrah al-Thaqafi, who was an ally of the Umayyads. [31], According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, one of the moral characteristics of Husayn is Tolerance, humility, eloquence, and finally traits that can be deduced from his behavior, such as despising death, hatred of a shameful life, pride, and the like. Husayn refused this, citing his abhorrence of bloodshed in the sanctuary,[49] and decided to go ahead with his plan.[47]. [j][95] Abu Mikhnaf's was an adult some twenty years after the Battle of Karbala. He is the master of mankind, the most beloved creature to Allah, the one who is gifted with shrewdness, the best of Adams sons, the one whom revelation was descended upon, and he is the, The Opening of Mecca Not until 630 CE did Muhammad re-enter his native city Mecca, leading ten thousand people. swore~ Once one of Husayn's slaves did something wrong. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Women also play a role in the history of the Hajj through the story of Ibrahim's wife, Hajar (known as Hagar in the Bible). Her name is Sayyidah . [216], Inspired by Rawdat al-Shuhada, the Azerbaijani poet Fuzl wrote an abridged and simplified version of it in Ottoman Turkish in his work Hadiqat al-Su'ada. [16][170][17], Vaglieri, on the other hand, considers him to be motivated by ideology, saying that if the materials that have come down to us are authentic, they convey an image of person who is "convinced that he was in the right, stubbornly determined to achieve his ends"[171] Holding a similar view, Madelung has argued that Husayn was not a "reckless rebel" but a religious man motivated by pious convictions. In another example, a South African man was buying doughnuts in a food court in Mecca and insisted on buying for Abuwafiya, who was standing in line behind him. Then he sent his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil to assess the situation in Kufa. Ab Abd Allh al-usayn ibn Al ibn Ab lib (Arabic: ; 10 January 626 10 October 680) was a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muhammad's daughter Fatima, as well as a younger brother of Hasan ibn Ali. Many save up a lifetime to perform the Hajj while others rely on donations and charity to make the journey. Initially, he was unwilling to fight Husayn, but complied following Ibn Ziyad's threat to revoke his governorship. Eventually Shemr shouted: "Shame on you! So, whoever accepts this truth (and follows me) has accepted the way of God and whoever rejects (and does not follow me) I will walk (my way) with patience and perseverance so that God may be the judge between me and this nation and he is the best judge. [82] The historian G. R. Hawting describes the Battle of Karbala as a "supreme" example of "suffering and martyrdom" for Shi'as. If you support me, I will go to Kufa. Demise. On 28 Safar 11AH , the Prophet of Islam left this world .There were only a few of his family members at his funeral . His name and Hassan's, due to their young age, are among those who pledge allegiance in renewing allegiance to the Prophet, which indicates the Prophet's goal in strengthening their historical and social status. [152] Historian Edward Gibbon described the events at Karbala as a tragedy. Prophet's property (of Sadaqa) at Medina to `Ali and `Abbas, but he withheld the properties of Husayn is said to have killed many of his attackers. Muhammad reported the Karbala incident on several occasions; For example, he gave a small bottle of soil to Umm Salama and told her that the soil inside the bottle would turn into blood after Husayn was killed. [42] [203], Maqtal (pl. [31] During the time of Uthman, he defended Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, who had preached against some of the actions of the tyrants and was to be exiled from Medina. [111] In these gatherings the story of Karbala is narrated and various elegies (rawda) are recited by professional reciters (rawda khwan).
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